Determinants of Public Welfare: A Multidimensional Analysis from Economic and Socio-Cultural Perspectives

Abstract

The concept of public welfare (al-maslaha al-‘āmmah) has long been central to policy design, economic discourse, and societal development strategies. In the global south, including Indonesia, disparities in welfare distribution persist despite economic growth. Socio-cultural complexities, institutional quality, and economic inequality contribute to the persistent challenges in achieving equitable welfare outcomes. This study aims to identify and analyze the key determinants of public welfare through a multidimensional lens that integrates economic theories, cultural insights, and institutional analysis. The research seeks to answer how factors such as income distribution, access to education, governance, and religious-ethical considerations influence the realization of public welfare in Indonesia. Using a qualitative approach grounded in textual and comparative analysis, this research synthesizes insights from classical and modern literature, including Indonesian and Arabic sources. Findings indicate that while macroeconomic stability and fiscal redistribution policies are essential, they are insufficient without cultural legitimacy and institutional trust. Welfare is shown to be contingent upon the synergy of ethical frameworks, governance structures, and participatory development. The study contributes to the discourse on welfare economics by integrating normative and empirical dimensions. It bridges theory and practice, offering policy implications for governments, development agencies, and civil society actors seeking to improve public welfare through holistic, culturally grounded interventions.